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1952 Judging Controversy MAG Olympics

1952: An Analysis of the MAG Judging in Helsinki

At the 1952 Helsinki Olympics, the Soviet team made a commanding debut, taking gold in the team competition with relatively little controversy—aside from a few objections from the Swiss and Germans about potential overscoring. But beyond the medal ceremonies and national pride, the scoring told a more complex story.

Melchior Waldvogel undertook the painstaking task of reviewing more than 10,000 individual scores to assess the fairness of the judging. Though he flagged instances of judging bias, the team and individual all-around results held up to scrutiny because numerous scores determined the results, rendering “small” judging mistakes less impactful. But those “small” judging mistakes could have a large impact on the individual apparatus results, raising the question: Was it still appropriate to award individual medals for each apparatus? (Reminder: Apparatus finals did not exist at the time.)

Here’s what Waldvogel wrote for the German Olympic Committee’s report.

HELSINKI, FINLAND – JULY 21: Tadao Uesako of Japan competes on vault during the Helsinki Summer Olympic Games at Messuhalli in Helsinki, Finland. (Photo by The Asahi Shimbun via Getty Images)

MELCHIOR WALDVOGEL-ZUERICH

THE SCORING AT THE 1952 OLYMPIC TOURNAMENT

Rarely has a team ranking of major international gymnastics competitions remained less controversial than that of the 1952 Olympic Games. The team victory of the Russians was generally recognized, although, for German and Switzerland, it was felt to be a few points too high. The Finns confirmed Switzerland’s second place, while the Germans approved of the better overall performance of the Finns.

However, since the scoring was repeatedly the subject of fierce criticism – especially from the participants themselves – we reviewed the entire scoring material made available by the technical director of the International Gymnastics Federation, i.e. over 10,000 individual scores, and checked it with regard to the accusations made. Although individual judges cannot be spared the accusation of partiality, it must be noted, in general, that never before has such a large-scale international competition been judged so well and responsibly, and in many cases even exemplarily.

The scoring of the compulsory exercises of all 8 gymnasts

Parallel Bars

Mironov
(URS)
Poljšak
(YUG)
Fedra
(AUT)
Walter
(SUI)
URS73.9072.8073.2073.80
SUI74.7076.5076.5076.40
FIN73.2074.8073.8073.70
GER75.2076.1076.2075.20

An exemplary scoring! Mironov/Russia, Fedra/Austria and Bach/Switzerland score almost equally. Remarkably, the same distance between Germany and Russia in the case of the Russian Mironov (1.30) and the Swiss Bach (1.40), the Yugoslav Poljšak falls slightly out of line with its distance (3.30) to the detriment of the Russians.

Pommel Horse

Eichinger
(GER)
Thommes
(LUX)
Ježek
(TCH)
Sárkány
(HUN)
URS71.1070.3072.2072.30
SUI74.8074.4075.2074.80
FIN73.2072.1072.1071.70
GER75.1074.4075.0074.60

All scores for the individual countries were almost identical among all judges. In a comparison between Germany and Russia, the German Eichinger arrived at a difference of 4.00 points for Germany, Ježek of Czechoslovakia at 2.80, and Sárkány of Hungary at 2.30. The low scoring of the Russians can be explained by Leonkin’s failure (4.0, 3.50, 4.0, 3.50).

Floor Exercise

Bitsch
(FRA)
Rethi
(ROU)
Rasmussen
(DEN)
Matthews
(GBR)
URS70.1073.1071.8072.30
SUI68.8067.4068.0067.50
FIN69.4069.0070.6070.50
GER68.1068.1068.0068.90

High Bar

Bolt
(GBR)
Gulack
(USA)
Bertram
(GER)
Teräsvirta
(FIN)
URS74.6074.8074.4074.90
SUI76.3076.0075.2075.00
FIN76.7076.7075.4076.80
GER74.7072.20!75.5074.20

While the scores for floor exercise are again almost balanced, the American Gulack stands out in high bar scoring for Germany, giving significantly lower scores than the other judges. All other scores are again balanced.

Rings

Hänggi
(SUI)
Stenman
(SWE)
Rost
(POL)
Lucchetti
(ITA)
URS74.7076.3077.6075.20
SUI75.5072.7072.1071.30
FIN72.3073.5071.5071.70
GER72.9073.3072.1072.50

Vault

Krathy
(AUT)
Palolampi
(FIN)
Dimitriev
(URS)
Šuligoj
(YUG)
URS72.9072.9075.1073.40
SUI75.1074.8074.0074.90
FIN73.3073.6072.2070.80
GER74.4074.2072.5072.60

Hänggi-Switzerland rates his team higher than the Russians on the rings (+0.80), while the Pole Rost rates the Russian team higher by 4.50 (!).

When it comes to vaulting, the larger difference between Germany and Russia is noticeable for the Russian Dimitriev (+2.60 for Russia), while the scores of the Yugoslavs (+1.20 for Russia), the Austrians (+ 1.50 for Germany) and the Finns (+ 1.30 for Germany) make us think. Dimitriev alone also scores Russia higher than Switzerland (+1.10 for Russia) while the three other judges (+2.30, +1.90, +1.50) rate the Swiss higher.

The overall picture of the compulsory score is uniform and pleasing. Of course, the aforementioned differences did not have such a strong effect on the actual score, since, on the one hand, the corner scores (highest and lowest judges’ scores for each gymnast) were dropped, and, on the other hand, only 5 out of the 8 gymnasts for the team event counted

The scores for optionals

Parallel Bars

Fedra
(AUT)
Dudek
(TCH)
Kirbicki
(POL)
Wagner
(SUI)
Max.
Differences
URS77.9078.20!78.10!77.600.60
SUI76.4075.20!74.20!77.002.80!
Wagner
(SUI)
André
(FRA)
FIN73.6073.0073.2073.700.70
GER75.6074.2075.0074.401.20

[Reminder: The judges rotated to prevent fatigue, so the judging panel also changed.]

This is where the observation made by many international experts of the undervaluation of Switzerland vis-à-vis Russia is likely to find confirmation. While all four judges are almost equal in the scores for Finland and Germany (with a slight advantage for the Germans), in Russia/Switzerland, the Austrian Fedra awards +1.50 for Russia, the Swiss Wagner +0.60 for Russia (humanly one of the greatest judging performances of the entire tournament!), while Czechoslovakia’s Dudek gave +3.00 and Poland’s Kirbicki even +3.90 for Russia!

Pommel Horse

Dmitriev
(URS)
Eichinger
(GER)
Nevjar
(NOR)
Diem
(AUT)
Max.
Differences
URS74.8074.3073.8072.802.00
SUI72.1070.1070.9073.503.40!
FIN73.5073.8074.2072.701.50
GER72.6074.7072.7072.002.70!

The optional exercises on pommel horse, which are very difficult to assess, bring small differences in scores from all points of view. Only the low scoring of the German Eichinger for Switzerland compared to Diem of Austria (difference -3.40) is striking, in contrast to his high score for Germany compared to Diem/Austria (difference +2.70).

Floor Exercise

Serbus
(TCH)
Gulack
(USA)
Kerezsi
(HUN)
Holm
(DEN)
Max.
Differences
URS76.7074.7076.6075.602.00
SUI74.3074.1073.8074.600.80
Palalampi
(FIN)
Kerezsi
(HUN)
FIN75.3076.5076.5075.301.20
GER63.5063.8063.8063.100.70

The biggest difference is found in the evaluation of the Russian team by Serbus/Czechoslovakia and Gulack/USA (2.00 points), while all other evaluations show smaller differences. The performance of the Germans is assessed with differences of only 0.70, that of the Finns and Swiss with only 1.20.

The Hungarian Kerezsi and the American Gulack show a difference of 2.80:0.60 in their assessment of the Russians and Swiss.

High Bar

Costigliolo
(ITA)
Cumiski
(USA)
Gregorka
(YUG)
Teräsvirta
(FIN)
Max.
Differences
URS76.2074.9076.2075.501.30
SUI76.0075.1076.3074.801.50
FIN74.4075.2075.7075.901.50
Teräsvirta
(FIN)
Sárkány
(HUN)
GER74.0074.9074.1073.001.90

Rings

Liudskanoff
(BUL)
Hänggi
(SUI)
Lucchetti
(ITA)
Bitsch
(FRA)
Max.
Differences
URS78.8077.3078.6078.001.50
SUI75.3076.2076.0076.100.90
FIN75.3074.7075.9075.601.20
Lörinczi*
(ROU)
Lucchetti
(ITA)
GER75.1074.9075.0074.700.40

[*Sormczi is the name listed in the German book. However, Lörinczi is listed as the Romanian judge in the Men’s Technical Committee minutes and in the Official Report for the Games.]

Vault

Kujundžić
(YUG)
Thommes
(LUX)
Ibrahim
(EGY)
Stenman
(SWE)
Max.
Differences
URS75.7076.4075.7075.700.70
Stenman
(SWE)
Matthews
(GBR)
SUI74.4074.6072.7074.101.90
FIN73.6073.9073.0073.600.90
Matthews
(GBR)
Stenman
(SWE)
GER65.1066.0065.9065.700.90

In light of this example from Stalder/Schwarzmann/Günthard, however, the question arises as to whether medals should continue to be awarded to individual gymnasts for individual apparatus. The performance density at the top is becoming increasingly intense, and the decision-making ability of the human eye increasingly questionable. The combined performances of the team competition and the individual all-around competition offer the possibility of preventing the smallest mistakes from having an impact on the overall ranking. The medals for individual gymnasts on each apparatus remain questionable. The team medal would be a “fair substitute.”

Our gymnastics friend Melchior Waldvogel certainly did not undertake this enormous statistical work for the purpose of a subsequent correction. The Olympic results in the team competition and the all-around are fair; they were surprisingly consistent and well judged. This favorable assessment cannot be invalidated by a few exceptions. This inspires confidence in the integrity of the international judges. This confidence is necessary, because only then can the unadulterated joy of measuring one’s strength against others be preserved.

[Note: If you’re a German speaker, you can find the German original at the bottom of the page.]


As for the Official Report, this is what it had to say about the judging…

The great number of competitors made the work of the judges extremely fatiguing. In the men’s optional exercises, it became advisable to appoint an extra judge, who spelled the others for intervals of rest. Even then, their working day stretched out to more than eight hours. It is a pleasure to be able to record that they remained attentive to the end.

Subsequent examination of the marks awarded by different judges reveals that in general the judges maintained a strict impartiality. In a few cases, however, opinions appear to have been consequently affected by the nationality of the team being judged. Whether this was due to partiality or to conflicting views in regard to style in gymnastics, it is hard to say and certainly not a question to be solved in this account. Obviously, each nation imparts a national tinge to its gymnastics.

A condition for constructive international competition activities is absolute neutrality on the part of judges and sympathetic understanding of the gymnastics of alien nations. In this respect the Helsinki Games augured well for the future.

The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games of the XV Olympiad, Helsinki 1952

More on 1952


The German Original

MELCHIOR WALDVOGEL-ZÜRICH

DIE NOTENGBUNG IM OLYMPIATURNIER 1952

Seltener blieb ein Mannschaftsklassement bedeutender internationaler Turnwettkämpfe weniger umstritten als jenes der Olympischen Spiele 1952. Der Mannschaftssieg der Russen wurde allgemein anerkannt, wenngleich er im Ausrnaß in Deutschland und in der Schweiz als um einige Punkte zu hoch empfunden wurde. Die Finnen bestätigten den zweiten Platz der Schweiz, während die Deutschen die bessere Gesamtleistung der Finnen gut hießen.

Da jedoch immer wieder heftige Kritik – besonders auch von den Aktiven selbst – an der Notengebung laut wurde, haben wir das vom technischen Leiter des Internationalen Turnbundes zur Verfügung gestellte gesamte Notenmaterial, d. h. über zehntausend Einzelnoten, gesichtet und hinsichtlich der erhobenen Vorwürfe überprüft. Wenn auch einzelnen Kampfrichtern der Vorwurf der Parteilichkeit nicht erspart werden kann, muß allgemein festgestellt werden; daß noch niemals bei einem so umfangreichen internationalen Messen der Kräfte so gut und verantwortungsbewußt, vielfach sogar beispielhaft, gewertet wurde.

Eine vorbildliche Wertung! Mironoff/Rußland, Fedra/Österreich und Bach/Schweiz werten fast gleich. Auffallend auch der gleiche Abstand zwischen Deutschland und Rußland bei dem Russen Mironoff (1.30) und dem Schweizer Bach (1.40), Der Jugoslawe Poljsaak fällt mit seinem Abstand (3.30) zuungunsten der Russen etwas aus dem Rahmen.

Alle Wertungen der einzelnen Länder untereinander bei allen Kampfrichtern mit fast gleichen Abständen. Im Vergleich Deutschland-Rußland kommt der Deutsche Eichinger zu einer Differenz von 4.00 Punkten für Deutschland, Jezek/Tschechoslowakei zu 2.80, Sarkany-Ungarn zu 2.30. Die niedrigen Wertungen der Russen erklären sich aus dem Versagen Leonkins (4.0, 3.50, 4.0, 3.50).

Während beim Bodenturnen die Wertung wiederum fast ausgeglichen ist, fällt bei der Reckwertung für Deutschland der Amerikaner Gulack, als erheblich unter den anderen Kampfrichtern taxierend, auf. Alle anderen Wertungen wiederum ausgeglichen.

Hänggi-Schweiz bewertet seine Mannschaft an den Ringen höher als die Russen ( +0.80), während der Pole Rost die russische Mannschaft um 4.50 höher einschätzt(!).

Beim Pferdsprung fällt die größere Differenz Deutschland-Rußland bei dem Russen Dimitrijeff ( +2.60 für Rußland) auf, während die Noten des Jugoslawen ( +1.20 für Rußland), des Österreichers ( + 1.50 für Deutschland) und des Finnen ( + 1.30 für Deutschland) zu denken geben. Dimitrijeff bewertet auch allein Rußland der Schweiz gegenüber höher ( +1.10 für Rußland) während die drei anderen Kampfrichter ( +2.30, +1.90, +1.50) die Schweizer höher einschätzen.

Das Gesamtbild der Pflichtnoten ist einheitlich und erfreulich. Die oben erwähnten Unterschiede haben sich in den tatsächlichen Noten selbstverständlich nicht so stark ausgewirkt, da einmal die Ecknoten (höchste und niedrigste Wertung) in Fortfall kamen und zum anderen nur 5 von den 8 Turnern für den Mannschaftskampf zählten

Die Wertungen beim Kürturnen

Hier dürfte die von vielen internationalen Fachleuten gemachte Beobachtung der Unterbewertung der Schweiz gegenüber Rußland ihre Bestätigung finden. Während sich alle vier Kampfrichter bei den Noten für Finnland und Deutschland fast ebenbürtig sind (leichte Überlegenheit der Deutschen), werten im Verhältnis Rußland/Schweiz der Österreicher Fedra +1.50 für Rußland, der Schweizer Wagner +0.60 für Rußland (menschlich eine der großartigsten Kampfrichterleistungen des ganzen Turniers!), der Tschechoslowake Dudek aber +3.00 und der Pole Kirbicki sogar +3.90 für Rußland!

Das sehr schwer zu taxierende Pferdkürturnen bringt geringe Notenunterschiede nach allen Gesichtspunkten. Auffallend ist lediglich die niedrige Notengebung des Deutschen Eichinger für die Schweiz gegenüber Diem-Österreich (Differenz -3.40), dagegen seine hohe Wertung für Deutschland gegenüber Diem/Österreich (Differenz +2.70).

Die stärkste Differenz finden wir in der Bewertung der russischen Mannschaft bei Serbus / Tschechoslowakei und Gulack/USA (2.00 Punkte), während alle anderen Wertungen geringere Unterschiede aufweisen. Die Leistung der Deutschen wird mit Unterschieden von nur 0.70, die der Finnen und Schweizer von nur 1.20 beurteilt.

Angesichts dieses Beispieles Stalder/Schwarzmann/Günthard aber drängt sich doch die Frage auf, ob man weiterhin an den einzelnen Geräten Medaillen für Einzelturner vergeben soll. Die Leistungsdichte der Spitze wird immer stärker, die Entscheidungsfähigkeit des menschlichen Auges immer fragwürdiger. Die summierten Leistungen des Mannschaftskampfes und des Einzel-Zwölfkampfes bieten die Möglichkeit, kleinste Fehler in der Gesamtwertung nicht zur Auswirkung kommen zu lassen. Die Medaillen für Einzelturner an jedem Gerät bleiben fraglich. Die Mannschaftsmedaille wäre ein „gerechter Ersatz”.

Unser Turnfreund Melchior Waldvogel hat diese ungeheure statistische Arbeit ganz gewiß nicht zum Zwecke einer nachträglichen Korrektur unternommen. Das olympische Ergebnis im Mannschaftskampf und im Zwölfkampf ist gerecht, es wurde überraschend gleichmäßig und gut gewertet. Diese günstige Feststellung kann auch nicht durch einige Ausnahmen entkräftet werden. Das gibt Vertrauen in die Moral der internationalen Kampfrichterschaft. Dieses Vertrauen aber ist notwendig, denn nur dann bleibt die ungetrübte Freude am Messen der gegenseitigen Kräfte erhalten.

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1952 MAG Olympics

1952: The Men’s Optionals Competition at the Olympics

At the 1952 Olympics, the Soviet men’s gymnastics team made one thing clear: they were undoubtedly the best in the world. Previous powerhouses like the  Swiss, Finns, and Germans could not keep up. Soviet athletes not only claimed multiple gold medals but also demonstrated the superiority of their rigorous training and innovative techniques. Viktor Chukarin’s comeback from a shaky compulsory routine on floor exercise to clinch the all-around title epitomized their dominance. 

The Soviets’ overwhelming strength was especially visible on rings, where they set new standards of power and precision, and on pommel horse, where their skill pushed the global bar higher. Still, their triumph came with controversy as some judges were accused of favoritism, and critics from Germany and Finland questioned the scoring and individual event placements, particularly Chukarin’s gold on vault. Yet, no one could deny that the Soviet athletes performed with such mastery that they forced the world to recognize them as the new leaders in gymnastics.

Here’s more than you ever wanted to know about what happened on Monday, July 21, 1952.

Viktor Chukarin, Olympic Games, Helsinki, Finland, 1952
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1952 Compulsories MAG Olympics

1952: The Men’s Compulsories Competition at the Olympics

The men’s artistic gymnastics competition at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics began with a record 29 nations participating. With so many competitors, organizers had to divide the compulsory rounds across two days and three groups, with the first group featuring Olympic favorites such as the Soviet Union, Switzerland, and the host nation, Finland. Excitement filled the Helsinki Exhibition Hall on Saturday morning—before the Olympics officially opened—as fans, judges, and journalists gathered to see the medal favorites. The stakes were high, the nerves palpable, and many believed the final team standings would be largely decided by day’s end.

And they weren’t wrong. From the Swiss press to German technical reports, all agreed: the compulsory routines were the decisive battleground. The Soviet gymnasts, competing for the first time in Olympic history, made an immediate impression, flexing both their power and consistency, especially on rings and pommel horse. But the Swiss weren’t going down quietly, turning in spectacular parallel bars routines that reminded everyone why they were world champions. What unfolded wasn’t just a competition; it was a clash of styles playing out on gymnastics’ grandest stage.

Here’s more than you ever wanted to know about the men’s compulsories in Helsinki…

Dr. Savolainen of Finland on rings at the 1952 Olympics
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1952 FIG Congress MAG

1952: The Report of the MTC President

How many hours should a judge work every day? In 1952, the Men’s Technical Committee thought that 8 hours should be the maximum. (Judges, how many hours do you work daily at competitions?)

Here’s a translation of the 1952 report by Ernest Maurer, President of the Men’s Technical Committee. You can read the full minutes for the Men’s Technical Committee meetings here.

Ernest Maurer, from 100 Years of the FIG
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1952 FIG Congress MAG

1952: The Minutes from the Men’s Technical Committee Meeting

Why should you care about the minutes from a Men’s Technical Committee meeting in 1952? It was so long ago. What could they possibly reveal about gymnastics today?

Plenty.

Take vault, for example. The 1952 minutes clarified what counted as a scoreable attempt and what we now refer to as an “empty run.” Back then, gymnasts were allowed two attempts for both their compulsory and optional vaults (“Au cheval-sautoir, tant imposé qu’à volonté, chaque gymnaste a droit à deux exécutions; la meilleure exécution est valable.”). But the committee had to clarify what “two executions” meant. As you’ll see in the minutes belows, they determined that, if a gymnast didn’t touch the springboard or the horse during an attempt, they would be permitted a third attempt. This should sound familiar, given that today’s gymnasts are permitted one empty run at FIG events. (But they now incur a 1.0 deduction for an empty run.)

Extract from the MAG Code of Points, 2025-2028

Then there’s the matter of participation. So many teams showed up to the 1952 Helsinki Olympics that, at the last minute, the organizers had to add an extra day of compulsories, which was held on the morning of the opening ceremonies. This sparked a conversation about quantity versus quality: Should more gymnasts compete, or solely the best of the best? It’s a debate that persists to this day at the World Championships, with passionate arguments on both sides.

With no further ado, here’s a translation of the 1952 minutes. Thanks to Hardy Fink for supplying the original French text.

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1952 MAG Perfect 10 Switzerland

1952: The Swiss Olympic Trials for Gymnastics

Although Walter Lehmann won the all-around title at the 1950 World Championships, he wasn’t considered Switzerland’s top gymnast heading into the 1952 Olympics. That distinction went to Josef Stalder. (Yes, that Stalder—the one with the skill named after him.) After claiming the all-around crown at the Swiss Olympic Trials, Stalder went on to win four medals in Helsinki, including a bronze in the all-around.

Interestingly, none of those medals came on pommel horse—the very event where Stalder had earned a perfect 10 at the trials. (The Soviet men swept that event in Helsinki.) At the time, journalists were well aware that domestic scores often didn’t reflect international standards. A perfect 10 at a national meet wouldn’t necessarily hold up at the Olympics. (Though, perfect 10s were possible at international competitions. Stalder’s teammate Hans Eugster earned a 10.0 on parallel bars at the 1950 World Championships.)

Below, you’ll find the final results from the Swiss Olympic Trials, along with a translated article covering the competition. Enjoy!

(Reminder: Switzerland did not support competitive women’s gymnastics at the time.)

Josef Stalder, Image via the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame
Categories
1952 Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary MAG WAG

1952: A Tri Meet between Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary

In the April of 1952, two of the world’s gymnastics powerhouses—Hungary and Czechoslovakia—faced off during Hungary’s Liberation Day competition. The Hungarian men’s and women’s teams emerged victorious. 

But the pre-Olympics rivalry didn’t end there. Weeks later, the two nations met again, this time in Prague, with Bulgaria joining the fray for a tri-nation showdown. Once again, Hungary reigned supreme, besting Czechoslovakia in a decisive repeat performance.

On the women’s side, the ongoing duel between Hungarian stars Ágnes Keleti and Margit Korondi continued, with Keleti winning the all-around—one more twist in a season-long back-and-forth between the two. But it was on the men’s side that perhaps the biggest revelation emerged: Bulgaria’s Stoyan Koev surprised the competition by claiming second place in the all-around.

Agnes Keleti, 1956
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1952 Czechoslovakia MAG WAG

1952: The Results of the Czechoslovak National Championships

By May of 1952, when Czechoslovakia held its national championships, the writing was on the wall: Czechoslovakia’s once-dominant women’s gymnastics team was no longer the force it had been four years prior. At the Helsinki Olympics, the defending Olympic champions wouldn’t be the ones to beat. At best, they would be the third-best team. (During Hungary’s Liberation Day competition in April, the Czechoslovak women took second to the Hungarian women, whom the Soviet Union had defeated during a dual meet.)

The Czechoslovak men’s team still had its stalwarts in 1952. The country’s two Olympic medalists from London 1948 were still in the mix. Zdeněk Růžička, a bronze medalist on rings and floor in London, took home the rings title at the 1952 national championships in Humpolec. Meanwhile, Leo Sotorník, who had tied for bronze on vault in 1948, soared to gold on his signature event in the lead-up to Helsinki.

Below, you can find the results of the 1952 national championships. Unfortunately, the newspapers of the time did not add much commentary about the competition.

Ferdinand Daniš, via GYMmedia
Categories
1952 Japan MAG

1952: Japan’s Qualifications and Preparations for the Helsinki Olympics

In 1952, Japanese gymnasts returned to the Olympic Games after World War II. Even though they were not the dominant team that today’s gymnastics fans know and (perhaps) love, they won four individual medals (two silver and two bronze medals) in Helsinki.

Below, you’ll find a portion of the chapter authored by Sasano Toshihiko for Japan’s Official Report on the Olympic Games. It includes the results from the trials before the Olympics, the selection procedures, and the team’s preparations before the Olympic Games. As you’ll see, the Japanese men had “exhaustive” pommel horse practice.

Enjoy the translation below, and check out those landing mats in the image from Helsinki. I wouldn’t want to land on those. Ouch.

HELSINKI, FINLAND – JULY 21: Tadao Uesako of Japan competes in the Artistic Gymnastics Men’s Horse Vault apparatus final during the Helsinki Summer Olympic Games at Messuhalli on July 21, 1952 in Helsinki, Finland. (Photo by The Asahi Shimbun via Getty Images)
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1952 Hungary MAG WAG

1952: Keleti and Sántha Win Hungary’s Masters Championships

In June of 1952, with the Helsinki Olympic Games just a month away, Hungary’s top gymnasts faced their final proving ground: the national Masters Championships. Ágnes Keleti successfully defended her title, as did Lajos Sántha on the men’s side. However, Margit Korondi, Keleti’s stiffest competition, was missing from the lineup. Her absence left a lingering question: who would be Hungary’s top all-arounder when the world’s best gymnasts took the stage in Helsinki? (Spoiler: It was not Keleti.)

Here’s what was recorded in the Hungarian newspapers at the time.

Ágnes Keleti, 1956