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East Germany Training WAG

Training in East Germany: The System That Never Grew up

Across two decades, in the same city, two East German girls lived out almost identical stories.

In the 1960s, Christiane Fröhlich was a sturdy child with quick reflexes and the kind of discipline coaches called turnerisch veranlagt—born for gymnastics. By seven, she was training five days a week; by sixteen, she was broken. Her coaches pried her knees backward to force flexibility, held a lighter under her calves when she could no longer lift her legs, and starved her until her vision went black. When she finally retired, her body was permanently damaged—spine fused with metal, nerves shot, walking possible only with crutches.

Two decades later, Antje Wilkenloh, the last East German champion, followed the same path through the same city. She, too, was chosen young, molded by repetition, and told to ignore pain. By thirteen, she was training up to six hours a day, her childhood disappearing into drills and conditioning. Fear of the coaches kept her silent as injuries accumulated: swollen fingers, a broken nose from the uneven bars, operations on her elbow, toe, ankle, and knee. Like many girls around her, she took painkillers before practice because she knew what training would demand.

Despite the difference in years, their experiences map onto each other with striking precision: early talent, escalating injuries, pressure to perform, and an adult world that treated their pain as routine. Both entered the system healthy and hopeful; both left it with bodies that would shape the rest of their lives.

Their stories, told here through two contemporaneous Der Spiegel profiles—one published in 1994, the other in 1995—show what remained after the routines ended and the state itself was gone.

Antje Wilkenloh GDR
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Doping East Germany WAG

Blue Pills and Broken Spines: How East Germany Destroyed Its Young Gymnasts

Rotterdam, October 1987. Dörte Thümmler stood before the uneven bars in Amsterdam’s Ahoy Hall, knowing what she had to do. Her teammate Gabriele Fähnrich, the reigning world champion, had only just returned to competition after a long injury layoff and had fallen during compulsories. Now the fifteen-year-old Berliner—just 1.47 meters tall and 36 kilograms—was suddenly East Germany’s best hope for gold. She executed her routine flawlessly: the Tkatchev, the Deltchev, the toe-on front with a half turn, landed with just a small shuffle backward. When the score appeared—a perfect 10—she had won the world championship title on uneven bars, sharing the gold with Romania’s Daniela Silivaș. Dutch journalists were stunned. “Thümmler?” one said. “In a poll of favorites, her name would not have appeared on a single ballot.” In claiming this title, she continued a long tradition that included Maxi Gnauck and Fähnrich herself.

Thirty years later, Dörte Thümmler spoke publicly for the first time about what that victory had cost. At a press conference held by the Doping Victims Assistance Association in April of 2018, she stood alongside other former gymnasts, all of them bearing similar damage. For eight years by that point, she had been unable to work, living on a full disability pension. Medical specialists at Berlin’s Charité hospital had diagnosed her with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. She had only thirty percent of the strength typical for people her age. She was forty-six years old.

What Thümmler and the others revealed that day was something far worse than simple overtraining. Across East Germany’s gymnastics program, young girls had been fed into a system that treated them as experimental subjects rather than children. They trained seven hours a day, six days a week. They lived in boarding schools separated from their families. They were told the pills were vitamins. And when their bodies inevitably broke down—often before they even reached adulthood—they were left to live with permanent disabilities.

Dörte Thümmler, 1988 Olympics
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Doping East Germany MAG WAG

“You Don’t Treat Children Like That”: The Pharmaceutical Manipulation of East German Gymnasts

The roar in Seoul’s Olympic Gymnastics Hall is deafening as Dagmar Kersten dismounts from the uneven bars. It’s September 1988, and the seventeen-year-old has just executed an exquisite routine. Despite a small hop on the landing, a 10.0 flashes on the scoreboard. But perfection isn’t enough. Romanian Daniela Silivaș, who built an insurmountable lead after compulsories and optionals, takes gold with a perfect total of 20 points. Kersten’s silver is still East Germany’s highest finish in women’s gymnastics at these Games, confirming that the legacy of Karin Janz and Maxi Gnauck is still alive and well.

What Kersten doesn’t know—what she won’t discover until years later, after the Wall falls and the archives open—is that she’s been part of an experiment. The pills her coaches gave her weren’t just vitamins. She was a test subject in one of the most sophisticated pharmaceutical programs ever applied to athletes, a system that treated her body as a laboratory and her performance as scientific data.

“I would never have thought that something like that existed among us—it was outrageous,” Kersten would later say. “That’s why the whole process of confronting it was so shocking, as well. That’s when you realized that you had been used for such things. I had always seen the people we trusted as people who saw us as human beings. You don’t treat children like that; it’s the very last thing anyone in a position of trust should exploit. It’s also outrageous that some of this is still being covered up today. It’s a slap in the face to those who are now reading their files from back then. To deny that such things were possible at the time is an insult. There’s more than enough evidence. People always say, ‘We’d rather not talk about that.’ It’s such a shame that this topic can’t simply be discussed openly. No one wants to face it. No one wants to engage with the gymnasts of that time. We were given psychotropic drugs and OT [Oral-Turinabol]. Some of these substances were even tested by the NVA [National People’s Army]. They were supposed to help gymnasts who fell react more quickly. Anabolic steroids weren’t the only things they could give.”[1]

For decades, the gymnastics world believed its sport stood apart from the chemical manipulations reshaping track and field, swimming, and weightlifting. Doping, the conventional wisdom went, was incompatible with a discipline requiring grace, balance, and split-second coordination. Steroids built bulk; gymnastics required mobility. The logic seemed airtight.

But the archives of the Ministry for State Security tell a different story.

Dagmar Kersten, 1988 Olympics. Kersten has been the most vocal East German gymnast on the subject of doping.

Note: This article is not intended as medical advice, nor does it endorse the use of steroids. It is a historical account based on a collection of Stasi files.
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1990 Interviews & Profiles USSR WAG

1990: An Interview with Larisa Latynina – “Stars Don’t Have Easy Characters”

Larisa Latynina has never been content to rest on her legend. The nine-time Olympic champion—whose name still defines an era of Soviet gymnastics—has lived many lives: prodigy, national icon, iron-willed head coach, and, later, the quiet architect behind Moscow’s next generation of stars. When Nadia Comăneci enchanted the world in 1976, it was Latynina who paid the price at home—forced to step down as head coach despite the fact that the Soviet women’s team had never lost a single Olympic or World Championship title under her leadership. In this interview from 1990, she reflects on the complexities of leadership, the stubbornness of talent, and the moral weight of guiding the sport she once ruled. Latynina speaks candidly about the fierce personalities she nurtured—Korbut, Tourischeva, Kim—and about one of her later instincts that proved prophetic: championing a young Svetlana Boginskaya when few others saw what she did. Her story is one of brilliance tempered by conviction—and of a woman who, even after the spotlight dimmed, never stopped shaping the stage.

Natalia Kuchinskaya, Larisa Latynina, 1966
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1990 Interviews & Profiles USSR WAG

1990: An Interview Zinaida Voronina – “A Withered Flower Comes Back to Life in Spring”

She once carried the Soviet women’s team to Olympic gold in Mexico City, winning three individual medals, including silver in the all-around. Two years later, as a young mother, she returned to capture four more at the 1970 World Championships in Ljubljana. But after missing the 1972 Olympics, she slipped from public view—spoken of through whispers and cruel clichés about wasted talent. By 1990, Zinaida Voronina was no longer a star on the podium but a worker at a foundry, battling the weight of her past and the fog of alcoholism. And yet, the letter of a fan from Estonia—and her own unyielding resilience—brought her back into the light. In this rare and deeply personal conversation, Voronina speaks with candor about triumph, shame, survival, and the fragile hope of finding her way again.

Zinaida Voronina, 1970 World Championships
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1988 Interviews & Profiles USSR WAG

1988: An Interview with Polina Astakhova – “The Blue Wind Whispers to Me”

She was once called the “Russian birch”—slender, graceful, resilient. With five Olympic gold medals to her name, Polina Astakhova never flaunted her triumphs. Former teammate Natalia Kuchinskaya remembered her most vividly for a quiet act of kindness on the balance beam. Yet in competition, Astakhova was unshakable: the leader who returned to the floor only twenty minutes after tears in Rome, composed and determined.

By 1988, she was no longer the star of Rome or Tokyo but the head coach of Ukraine’s national team. At the training base in Koncha Zaspa, she spoke less about medals than about children—about the blank slates entrusted to her care, about the culture and artistry of sport, about shaping gymnasts not only as athletes but as people. Looking back, it is clear that behind the legend of the “Russian birch” was something deeper: a coach and champion who believed that strength and humanity must always go hand in hand.

Rome, Italy. September 5-10, 1960. Soviet gymnast Polina Astakhova performs her floor routine at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.
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1986 Interviews & Profiles USSR WAG

1986: A Personal Essay by Tourischeva -“Not for Fear, but for Conscience”

In the world of elite gymnastics, few names carry the weight and quiet strength of Ludmila Tourischeva. A legend of the sport and a symbol of grace under pressure, Tourischeva competed not for fame, but from a deep sense of duty and conscience — to herself, her team, and her craft. In “Not for Fear, but for Conscience,” she reflects not just on a single competition, but on the inner battles that defined her career: fear, pain, perseverance, and the will to rise again. Her story is not only about medals and records, but about what it means to endure, to evolve, and to triumph with dignity.

Her medals came at a cost. As we’ll see, Tourischeva pushed herself into unhealthy weight-loss tactics, even starvation at times. This interview appeared before Elena Mukhina later spoke openly about doing additional conditioning to shed weight and the widespread use of diuretics on the Soviet team. For readers sensitive to these issues, please read with care.

Ludmila Tourischeva, 1972 Olympics

Note: This article will reference a famous moment in the history of gymnastics, which you can watch here.

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1980 2025 USSR WAG

2025: Recollections of Mukhina’s Life – “That’s Why God Punished Me…”

In July 1980, on the eve of the Moscow Olympics, 20-year-old Soviet gymnast Elena Mukhina attempted a new tumbling pass that went fatally wrong, leaving her paralyzed from the neck down. Once one of the brightest stars in world gymnastics — a world all-around champion and a rival even Nadia Comăneci feared — she would spend the next twenty-six years confined to her bed, sustained by the devotion of a few extraordinary friends.

This article, drawn from the recollections of those who cared for her, traces the quiet heroism of a woman whose body was broken but whose spirit never was — a story not only of tragedy, but of endurance, grace, and the humanity that surrounded her until the very end.

Elena Mukhina, 1978
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1987 Interviews & Profiles USSR WAG

1987: An Interview with Elena Davydova – “I See the Gymnastics of the Future”

In 1987, readers caught a glimpse of Elena Davydova’s next chapter — one shaped not by competition, but by research, teaching, and a vision for gymnastics’ future. Still remembered for her dazzling Olympic floor routine in Moscow that earned her the all-around title, Davydova had turned inward, navigating the difficult transition from world-class athlete to scholar. While completing her Candidate of Sciences dissertation (equivalent to a Ph.D.) at the Lesgaft Institute in Leningrad, she explored innovative ways to enhance elite gymnasts’ preparation, and as a judge, she embraced the sport’s growing emphasis on artistry and individuality.

Elena Davydova, 1980 Olympics

Note: This interview stands in stark contrast with other interviews published in 1987, notably those of Bilozerchev and Filatova, both of whom admitted that their professors let them skate by in their courses. Meanwhile, Davydova was pursuing higher education.

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1987 Interviews & Profiles USSR WAG

1987: An Interview with Elvira Saadi – “Without Them, the World Would Seem Dim to Me”

In 1987, journalists visited Moscow’s Dynamo training center and found a scene that perfectly reflected the energy of its coach: Elvira Saadi. Once a beloved gymnast whose elegance and charisma lit up the competition floor, Saadi had poured that same vitality into coaching. The hall bustled like an anthill, yet under her watchful eye, it ran with order and purpose. She darted from one apparatus to another, her sharp gaze missing no detail, her voice firm one moment and full of laughter the next. It was as though the same spark that captivated audiences in Munich and Montreal now animated her gym, fueling the efforts of a new generation.

The interview that followed revealed both the sternness and the warmth behind her approach. Saadi spoke candidly about the challenges of transitioning from star athlete to mentor, about the disappointments and patience required to truly reach young gymnasts, and about the joy of creating something original together with her pupils. She admitted the complexity of modern gymnastics sometimes frightened even her, but she instilled in her girls courage, ambition, and the drive to think creatively.

Note: The following translation is not an endorsement of Saadi’s coaching. At the time of this writing, Elvira Saadi is permanently banned from working with athletes in Canada. If you’re curious about her move from the Soviet Union to Canada, you can jump to the appendix to read one of the first profiles of Saadi in Canadian newspapers.

Elvira Saadi, 1973